Genotoxic effects of the carbamate insecticide Pirimor-50® in Vicia faba root tip meristems and human lymphocyte culture after direct application and treatment with its metabolic extracts

Abstract

The aim of the study was to evaluate genotoxic effects of Pirimor-50^®,a pirimicarb-based formulation (50 % active ingredient), in human lymphocyte cultures and Vicia faba root meristems. Furthermore, the objective was to examine a combined influence of insecticide treatment with mammalian microsomal S9 and vegetal S10 metabolic fractions or S10 mix metabolic transformation extracts (after Vicia faba primary roots treatment with Pirimor-50^®). We used sister chromatid exchange assay-SCE and measured cell cycle progression and proliferation (proportion of M₁-M₃ metaphases and replication index ratio-RI). Two processes were used for plant promutagen activation: in vivo activation-Pirimor-50^® was applied for 4 h to the plant and then S10 mix was added to lymphocytes; and, in vitro activation-lymphocytes were treated with Pirimor-50^® andS10 or S9 for 2 h. Direct treatment induced significantly higher SCE frequencies in meristems at 0.01 mg mL^-1. In lymphocytes, significantly higher SCE was at 1 mg mL^-1 with decrease in RI and M₁-M₃ metaphase proportions at 0.5 mg mL^-1 and cell division stop at 2.5 mg ml^-1. S10 mix lymphocyte treatment showed significantly elevated SCE values at 2-2.5 mg mL^-1, with cell death at 3 mg ml^-1. Lymphocyte treatment with Pirimor-50^® together with S9 or S10 showed slightly elevated SCE frequency but had a significant influence on RI decrease, with lowest values in S9 treatment. Since no data are available on the genotoxicity of Pirimor-50^®, this study is one of the first to evaluate and compare its direct effect in two bioassays, animal and vegetal, and also the effect of plant and animal metabolism on its genotoxic potential.